What is a Communication and Cellular Systems
What is a Communication and Cellular Systems
In recent years, cellular systems have made communication possible.
Cellular communications are being facilitated by the use of mobile devices
phone. As we know, all our phones are based on mobile phone networks.
Mobile communication is based on radio performance
Simultaneous sending and receiving. Mainly in mobile networks,
Geographical cell division exists within specific cells. Mobile phones have revolutionized the way we socialize as humans. of
Technology is constantly evolving to provide faster and more effective real-time performance.
Communication in various forms.
Mobile network system characteristics
The advent of wireless cellular networks served as a solution to this problem
Spectral overload issue. And user capabilities have also improved.
There are several features that make this possible. Large capacity provision is made within a limited range
Allows reuse of radio channels in different cells
Landline phone number can be activated on mobile network
Number of channels serving a relatively large number of channels. of
Achieved by reusing channels in different regions
In this case, communication always occurs between:
mobile phone and base station
Adjacent cells are assigned different channels
group
Cellular networks ensure that interruptions are tolerated
There is a frequency reuse or plan
There is also an organization of wireless mobile phone networks
Mobile networks are always organized into multiple low-power networks.
channel.
cell shape
The area covered by a mobile network is always divided into:
called cells. Each cell has an antenna used for this purpose.
signal transmission. Every cell has a unique frequency. Communication of data over mobile networks is always
Transmitter, receiver and control unit on the base station.
Cells have two main shapes: they can be square or square.
hexagonal
Square
A square cell has four neighbors at a distance of 'd';
the other 4 are at different distances '2d'
hexagonal
We recommend this format in most cases because it is simple.
cover. Another reason I recommend it is its shape.
There are several advantages to using this.
Equipped with equidistant antenna
The distance from the center to the vertex is the same
side length.
Frequency reuse
This phenomenon occurs when using the same radio frequency.
Within a certain area, especially over large distances
Distance minimizes setup disruption
communication. The concept of frequency reuse has several advantages
Facilitate communication within a particular cell.
constant frequency
There is a limit to power leakage to neighboring cells
Frequency can be reused by nearby cells at any time
The same frequency can be used multiple times
communication
Approximately 10 to 50 frequencies can exist simultaneously
cell.
Evolution of cellular networks
It all started with 1G and now we see a world connected with 1G
Supersonic 5G. How well and how well has communication progressed so far?
Decades? Deployment of first generation mobile network
Early 1980s. However, as the number of users is increasing explosively around the world,
Expansion of communications networks must continue to be promoted.
It all started with Italian inventor Marconi. he had
Succeeded in transmitting Morse code using radio
wave. The mileage was 3.2km. This happened in 1985.
This was the world's first introduction of wireless communications. everytime
Since then, research has continued to improve radio waves. Thanks to this invention, scientists and engineers began to develop.
Compatible phones as opposed to the wired phones that were in vogue.
The first generation mobile phone was invented by Martin Cooper
When collaborating with Motorola. The prototype he was intended for use in one application.
This is a car developed in 1974. This invention is
A turning point in global communication.
1G
It was the first cellular network to usher in the world of wireless communications.communication. This network reached the Japanese mainstream through Japan.
Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1979. In the 1980s,
Popular in the US, Finland, UK and Europe. analog system was used
in this case.
Features of 1G
- It had a frequency of 800MHz and 900MHz
- It has a bandwidth of 10Mhz
- It made use of analogue switching technology
- It featured frequency modulation
- It makes use of a voice only mode of service
- The access technique is the frequency division multiple access
Disadvantages
- Due to interference, there was poor voice quality
- The battery life was very poor
- The mobile phone had large size
- It featured less security
- There was limitation on the number of users and cell coverage
- Roaming on the 1G network was not possible
2G – The Second Generation Communication
System
The advent of 2G marked the start of the new digital technology. It was also
referred to as the Global system for mobile communication. GSM
technology soon became the standard for the development of the wireless
communication. It was able to support up to 14.4 to 64kbps data rate. This
enabled SMS and email services on mobile devices.
Features of 2G
- It supported SMS services
- It made roaming possible
- There is enhanced security on the network
- There is encrypted voice transmission
- It supported internet, though at a lower data rate
Disadvantages of 2G
- The data rate is very low
- There is a limitation in mobility
- It has less features
- There was still a limit to the number of users
2.5G and 2.75G system
Briefly, in the bid of supporting data rate, there was the General Packet
Radio Service (GPRS). This was capable of data rate up to about 171kbps.
There was also the development of EDGE. This is the Enhanced Data GSM
Evolution, which was able to improve data rate for GSM networks. It had a
maximum speed of 473.6kbps
Subsequent to EDGE, there was also the CDMA200, which supported
higher rates on the CDMA networks. With this technology, data rate
climbed up to 384 kbps.
3G – Third Generation
This generation of network began with the introduction of the UMTS
(Universal Mobile Terrestrial/ Telecommunication Systems). This
generation was able to support vide calls, as it operated at a rate of 384kbps.
It was after the release of the 3G that we had smartphones become popular
in the world. The smartphones were designed to handle tasks like the
multimedia message, email, video calls, games, social media and other
advanced functions.
Features of 3G
- There is an increased data rate
- It supported video calling
- There is enhanced security
- It was able to support mobile app
- There was also support for multimedia messages
- It supported tracking of location as well as maps.
- It offered better web browsing
- TV streaming
- It supported high quality 3D games
3.5G to 3.75 Systems
There were two subsequent developments to the 3G network. It was sort of
a development, as the 3.5G network was able to support up to 2mbps data
rate. The 3.75 system also offered more speed. There was the ultimate
development of the 3.9G system, which is also known as the LTE (Long
term Evolution).
Disadvantages of 3G
- It had a very expensive spectrum license
- The infrastructures were very costly
- It needed higher bandwidth for proper data rate support
- The mobile devices that supported it were very costly
4G – Fourth Generation communication system
This is the enhanced version of the 3G, it offered higher data rate and it was
able to handle better multimedia functions. It was very easy to deploy as it
was compatible with devices that supported the previous communication
system generations.
Data rate is highly improved in the 4G, which aided the simultaneous
transfer of video and audio data. The IP packets of the 4G is able to transfer
any form of services. Transmission technologies like the WiMax was
introduced on the 4G system. This enhanced the rate of data, as well as the
performance of network.
Features
- Data rate could reach up to 1Gbps
- It features enhanced security and mobility
- There is a drastic reduction in latency
- It supported higher definition video streaming and gaming
Disadvantages
- It needed expensive hardware and infrastructure to run
- The spectrums were very costly
- Global deployment of the technology has proven to be time consuming.
5G – Fifth Generation Communication System
This is a proposed wireless communication network undergoing
development. The establishment of the network has begun in some part of
the world, and it is being designed to deliver ultra-fast internet and
multimedia experience for users.
In the case of the 5G, millimeter waves and unlicensed spectrum will be
used for the transmission of data. This is a massive data rate to be
experienced, and to enable the use of this for internet of things, a complex
modulation technique is being developed.
Another feature of the 5G is the cloud based network architecture. Cloud
computing has become a thing in the world, and its astounding benefits are
being leveraged in the development of the next generation cellular network.
Cloud computing will increase it functionalities and analytical capabilities.
Features of the 5G
- Internet data speed can reach 10Gbps
- There is reduced latency even in milliseconds
- There is a reduction in data cost
- It provided higher security and a reliable network
- It makes use of technologies like small cells, this brings about
improved efficiency
- The cloud based architecture offers it more power efficiency,
maintenance and easy hardware upgrades.
As it stands, there seem to be no downside to the use of 5G. However, this
isn’t ruled out just yet. 5G offers so much benefits to the cellular
communication, and the possibilities with it in other areas of technology is
simply unimaginable.
Cellular System Architecture
The architecture of the cellular system is as basic as it can get. There are
three main parts that constitute, which are;
- A network of cells, of which each has its base station
- A packet switched network that is used for communication between
the mobile switching centers and the base stations
- The Public switched telephone network: it serves the function of
connecting subscribers to the wider network of telephone users
Mobile switching centers
This is a network switching subsystem which belongs to a cellular phone
system. This is also referred to as the mobile telephone switching office
(MTSO). One unique feature of the MTSO is the fact that all base stations
are connected to an MSC. The MSC has the following functions
- It fosters the setup of calls as well as their release
- It helps with routing of calls and messages that are sent via SMS
- It is used in the management of conference calls and calls left on
hold
- It is also used for fax services
- It is used in billing
- It is used in interfacing with other networks.
This explains the basic architecture of the cellular network
Elements of a Communication System
What do you know about communication, either between a person and
computer or between a computer and another computer? Communication
between components didn’t just come to be, there are elements that work in
sync to make sure it is possible. There are different types of
communication, which include; radio broadcasting, television broadcasting,
radio telegraphy, mobile communication, computer communication, etc.
Here are the basic components that make up the communication systems
Information source
Communication networks are designed to ensure that information is sent
from a sender and received at the end of the receiver. For there to be
communication, information source is important. It is where the information
originates, without which there will be no communication in the first place.
The information emanating from the source may be sound, picture, words,
etc. whenever you talk to someone over the phone, you are the information.
In this case however, the information source is situated at both ends. It is a
dialogue, and the sound is sent through the system whenever each responds.
Input transducer
During communication, sound is the information being sent. This however
cannot transmitted over a long distance. In this case, there is a need for the
sound to be transmitted into electrical signals or light signal. This is
achieved by the transducer. When the information gets to the destination, it
is then converted back to sound.
Basically, a transducer has the function of converting one form of energy to
another. To make sure that sound in sent and received in real form, there is a
transducer at both ends of the communication line. The output transducer
simply converts the light energy back to sound energy.
Transmitter
In the communication system, there is the transmitter which is responsible
for the conversion of signal produced at the source, into a form that can be
transmitted through a channel. The main technique used by the transmitter
is the modulation.
When the transducer converts the sound into electrical energy, the
transmitter than through modulation converts it to a form that can be
transmitted via the channel. This is basically the function of the transmitter
– modulation.
Communication channel
This is the medium which fosters the transmission of a signal from one
point to another. There are two main mediums of transmission, which can
be wired or wireless. These has been extensively explained in the course of
this book, you can refer it if you need to refresh your memory.
Noise
Noise is a phenomenon in which signals that are unwanted find their way
into a communication system. This interferes with the signal being
transmitted. When this occurs, there is a degradation of transmitted signals.
Receiver
This is the component of the communication network that receives the
signal being transmitted. It converts the transmitted signal back to its
original form.
Output transducer
The transducer is the one present on the output part of a communication
network. In most cases, the output transducer works to convert electrical
signals into a non-electrical signal. One of the most common form of the
output transducer is the loudspeaker.
Destination
This is the final stage of the communication system. In most cases, humans
are always the destination of a particular communication string. Where the
information sent is being consumed is called the destination.
Messaging systems: Electronic Mail and Voice
Processing
Messaging has become a really important part of human communication,
especially with instant messaging social media networks like Facebook,
Telegram, Kik, etc. It has sufficed as an alternative to phone calls, as well as
being the medium for official communications between corporate persons
and the public.
A messaging system can be defined as one designed to foster the
transmission of text messages from one user to another user. There are
messaging systems that have been developed to support the transfer of
pictures, videos and other forms of content, from one place to another.
Basically, in the messaging system, electronic mail is also included,
alongside text messaging and instant messaging.
In the messaging system, there are basic components that ensure the
possibility of the various types of messaging.
Mail User Agent: This is the email program of the client, such as
Gmail, outlook, Eudora or Mac Mail. This is the program or
application on the end of the user, used in the composition, transfer
and reception of messages
- Message transfer agent: This is the part of the system that is
responsible for the transfer of messages from the user. It also
functions in delivering messages to its own message store, where it
can be accessed by local recipients
There are two widely used Message Transfer Agents (MTA), which
are Microsoft Exchange and Sendmail. However, for enterprise, there
are several other formats of the MTA used.
- Message Store: This is the component that stores and holds
incoming messages, till it is retrieved or deleted by the user. From the
MTA to the Message store, a tool called the Local Delivery Agent
ensure delivery of messages. In the retrieval of messages, two main
protocols are used, which are; POP and IMAP.
- Internet’s SMTP: Mail sent via the internet is based on the SMTP
protocol. Prior to the growth of the internet in late 1990s, there were
several messaging systems in use, which included; Microsoft Mail,
PROFS and DISOSS.
Messaging has transformed the way we relay information between
ourselves and other. Technological advancements had contributed
immensely into making messaging a really good experience. In this section,
we will be talking a look at two critical messaging systems that are deemed
critical to the future of information. These are Electronic mail and Voice
Messaging.
Electronic Mail
The definition is pretty simple. Electronic mail is a digital framework that
supports the exchange of messages via the internet or intranet
communication platforms. Electronic mail is also shortened to E-mail. It’s
sort of writing a letter but the only difference here is that, rather than using
a pen, you make use of keyboard. In most cases now, with the text-tospeech technologies, you can write an email message, just by speaking to
your device.
The structure of the email address is somewhat unique. In that, it consists of
a custom username at the beginning, which is followed by the domain name
of the service provider, with the “@” separating the two.
What can email be used for?
The use of email has become ubiquitous. In fact, over 290 billion emails are
sent daily, and the reasons for these are just the benefits that comes with its
use
It is very fast: Emails can be sent fast and delivered without a
lag in time. This is one reason why it has become really popular,
especially for enterprises. You can communicate with anyone just
within your building, or across the length of the world.
It is very convenient: in fact, in many cases where you could
have placed a call, you can simply send a mail. If you have a
quick enquiry about something and what to save yourself the
time of having to get familiar over calls, then explaining what
you want, a summarized mail can get you the answer pretty
quick.
You can send attachments: With the email, you can send
documents attached. You can attach files like videos, pictures,
pdfs, word documents, etc.
It is easily accessible: On your email account, you can have files
and messages stored up, which you can sift through easily and
access at any point you want them. Just a type in Google’s Gmail
will take you to the particular message you are after. It is that
easy to use.
It serves as a record: And for conversations where it would be
better to have a documentation, it is better to use emails rather
than phone calls. You can easily go back to conversations
whenever you want them.
There is no limit to writing space: With the SMS, there is a
limit to the space you have to write. However, with the email,
you can write as much as you want. You can pour all your heart
out, or sell yourself as much as you want, or file complaints of
whatever length. You can do any length of text with emails.
It is secure: There are special emails designed to be as secure as
possible. Special privacy and security protocols deployed to
make sure confidential and sensitive information are kept safe.
Short comings of the Email
Well, there is one major problem to email, which annoys many users. This
is spam. There are several junk emails that find its way into your mail box,
and in the process, really important messages can be lost. This problem
however is being tackled, but not yet perfect.
Email service providers now make use of filters that sift through the various
mails coming in, picking out the relevant ones from the bunch of
irrelevances. As said, it isn’t perfect yet, as some spam mails still find their
way to your mail box.
Speech Processing
There are two main concepts of speech processing. It involves the study of
speech signals. It also involves the methods involved in processing of
signals. These signals are processed digitally, hence you can refer to the
process as a form of digital signal processing. There are various aspects
involved in speech processing. These include; acquisition, manipulation,
storage, transfer and output of speech signals. The process involved in
imputing sound is called speech recognition, while the output is called
speech synthesis.
Techniques of Speech Processing
There are three main techniques used in speech processing, which are;
Dynamic Time Warping
This is shortened as DTW, and it is an algorithm that used in the
measurement of existent similarities between two mundane sequences,
which vary with respect to speed. Generally, you can refer to DTW as a
process that calculates how optimally matched two sequences are. This
measurement is executed within some restrictions and rules.
The match that satisfies the rules and restrictions at low cost, is referred to
as the optimal match.
Hidden Markov Models
This is the most basic of the dynamic Bayesian network. The algorithm has
the primary goal of estimating the hidden variable that has been allotted to a
list of observations.
Artificial Neural Networks
The Artificial Neural Network is a system based on the connection of nodes
and units that are referred to as artificial neurons. The artificial neurons are
somewhat the replica of the neurons situated in the human brain. Each
connection in the ANN can transmit signal from one neuron to the other.
Speech processing as a technological breakthrough has since advent being
employed in various ways. It is fundamentally used in interactive voice
systems, virtual assistants, voice identification, emotion recognition, call
center automation and robotics. Many of these cases are still not full
developed to offer real time processing, but it is close. In the case of virtual
assistants, assistants like Google assistant are optimized to offer real time
processing.
Fundamentals of data communication
Communication is a basic need of life. Life scientists refer to us as social
animals (though I prefer to be called a social being), and this means we
need to reach out to one another. Communication technologies over the
years has helped us maximize this. It has enhanced the way, speed and
quality of how we reach out to ourselves. There are four fundamentals that
data communications stick to.
Delivery: This is the concept which dictates that every data
communication system is able to deliver data to the right
destination, at every instance. The data sent out must always be
received by the intended recipient.
Accuracy: There must be no loss of components in the data
being sent. It must be delivered accurately. This is because data
been altered during transmission without correction, is rendered
unusable.
Timeliness: Real-time is the standard. Data being sent should be
delivered as timely as possible. When data is delivered late, it
becomes useless. When it comes to video and audio, timeliness
means having the data delivered as soon as it is produced. The
data should be delivered as soon as it is produced, in the order in
which it was produced, and without delay. This is what we refer
to as real-time data transmission.
Jitter: The word jitter is used in referring to variation in the
arrival time of data packets. This is most experienced when video
is to be delivered. In this case, there is a variation in the delivery
of the audio packets of the data, against the video packets. Jitter
can also occur in a particular format. Such that, in a video
transmission, some parts of the video may arrive at 3D-ms, while
others lag and arrive at 4D-ms. This causes a disruption in the
video quality.
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
PSTN is a combination of an interconnected telephone line network, which
is co-owned by government and private owners. This network system
actually has been in use from the 1800s, and it made use of underground
copper wires. The use of these over the last decade has been on a decline, as
wireless communication takes over the world.
Properties of PSTN
It is also termed the Plain Telephone Service (POTS)
The concept evolved from the invention of the telephone by
Graham Bell
It has the main function of transferring voice in relatable form
It is a combination of several circuit-switched across the world
It started by laying copper across the whole area it covered, it has
evolved from that.
Communication of information, news and other events has become easier
over the past decade. Engineers, researchers, developers and many other
technically-oriented personnel has worked assiduously in ensuring that the
world is connected. The cellular networks are a revolutionary breakthrough,
and it has changed the way things operated in the world. Imagine how hard
it would be, if to reach out to a relative in Australia, we still needed to send
a letter from America, then wait for a response, before sending a follow up.
It would take years to complete quite a handful of conversations.
Communication networks are used extensively in the world of today. It is
used in communicating with astronauts in space, planes in airfields, ships in
the middle of the sea, etc.
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